Physical treatment is simple, low in cost, and causes no secondary pollution, but it can only remove suspended solids and large particles, not dissolved pollutants.
Chemical treatment achieves fast and effective results, especially for refractory pollutants, but involves high chemical costs and produces a large amount of sludge, which may lead to secondary pollution.
Biological treatment is cost-effective and highly efficient in removing organic matter, making it suitable for large-scale applications. However, it requires a large area and is sensitive to temperature and toxic substances.
Advanced treatment produces high-quality effluent suitable for reuse and provides thorough disinfection. The main drawbacks are relatively high investment and operating costs, and some processes such as UV disinfection are sensitive to water turbidity.
